GROUND WATER
INVESTIGATION
BIPIN VYAS
PROFILE OF AUTHOR
After graduation in Agriculture
science shri Bipin Vyas joined in Gujarat Agriculture Department . He has
worked in soil science faculties like soil conservation, soil testing
laboratory and soil survey organization. In 1968 he was deputed for training in
minor irrigation and water management. Where he learned about the ground water
and it’s classification, development of ground water, construction of well and
tube wells etc. During his training he created interest in ground water
investigation . But there was no source to know about.
During that time he got a chance to
meet Shri Sursinhji Jadeja Ex. Director of Agriculture, old Navanagar state.
Shri Jadeja was specially deputed in British India military, as a ‘Dowser’ to
find out ground water sources. He had taken systematic training for ‘Dowsing’
technique. He was using copper angle rods. He taught shri Vyas systematically.
How to hold angle rods, how to measure intensity of water current, creation of
vibration in left hand and right hand, measurement of distance between
vibration starts at point and vibration ends, (where1800 creates between two angle rods) , how
to fix a pin point for digging well/bore
well etc. Shri Jadeja bless him to be a good dowser. Also gave him advice to
find out the scientific reason for creation of vibration and deflating copper
angle rods.
Shri Vyas started ground water
investigation using copper angle rods in 1969. Within 5 years, he had given
sites foe wells more than 500. Out of them, about 45 to 50 % carried out
successful. He was visiting regularly at his given sites for open well during
digging work. He himself lowered in to the well and studied soil strata and
water saturation zones. He interpreted the angle rod’s movement with the actual
soil and water strata observed. With this experience, within further five
years, he became successful in result more and more.
In the year 1975, he was deputed by the
Govt. for long term training in soil survey ( soil formation related to
geology). And posted in soil survey organization. He worked in soil survey for
15 years in field. During this field work job, he studied geology, geological
structures related to ground water occurrence. With this experience he learned
to presume the underground situation of dykes, barriers and strikes. He find
out the method of locate hidden
underground dykes, barriers and slope direction of underground rocks.
This was his plus point to search maximum ground water. By this experience he
reached to 70 to 75 % in success rate.
In the year 1988, he was deputed in Water And Land
Management Institute (WALMI) as an Assitt. Director Ag. (Soil & water).
Where he had taken trainings regarding water management, hydrology, ground
water hydrometry, and other subjects related to soil science. Which is
supported him in ground water investigation work. In the year 1989, he has
taken a training in Vertical Electro Sounding survey using resistivity meter at
N.R.D.C. Hyderabad.
Shri Vyas started VES survey along
with ‘Dowsing’( copper angle rods). First he find out pin point for a new well
by copper angle rod method then, at the
same point he use to undertake vertical electro sounding to know more
information about the underground soil formation and water saturation zones and
water saturation %. During his 45 years’ carrier, he has under taken ground
water survey more than 5000 places and secured about 80 to 85 % success. With
the vast experience in ground water investigation, he wrote this book for the
guidance for new generation.
ABSTRACT:
I have written this book in two parts:
FIRST PART:
The traditional technique of ground water investigation by copper angle
rods method which is known as “DOWSING”.
This technique is
hundreds years old. It is known as ‘
DOWSING’ . This technique gradually became popular. This result oriented
technique has attracted many people to use it, as it doesn’t require any
special skills. In this technique, a person holds two copper rods (angle rods)
in each hand, parallel to each other, and walks steadily on the ground. As a
person walks, the rods develops vibrations near the place where the ground
water is accumulated , and copper rods starts deflecting from each other. Rods
make an angle of 1800 where
water is accumulated under the ground. Digging a well or bore-well on that
place, yields water. (Or this place is good to dig a well or a bore-well to get
under ground water)This is a traditional technique for ground water
investigation. This
is well known worldwide. What is scientific reason behind the copper rods
deflection to 180 0 angle only where the place water is accumulated
under the ground .
Following are the 3 parameters behind
this science.
1. Water (having 2 atoms of hydrogen
and 1 atom of oxygen)
2. Soil/Earth (ground water occurs
under the soil/earth)
3. Human body (water currents reaches
to the end of copper wire through human body)
Water and Earth are the
elements, out of the basic universal five elements (Pancha mahabhut tatwa).
Whereas human body is an element made of complete five mahabhut tatwa. All
these three factors (water, earth and human body) are related to the science of electro-magnetic streams.
Water is a molecule of 2
hydrogen and 1 oxygen ions. Each ion is bounded with arrangement of Electrode,
Proton and neutron. During formation of water molecule, two proton of hydrogen
ion creates dipole, resulting in magnetic radiation, known as water currents. This currents containing only positive
(+ve) polarity.
Earth is a big magnate,
which has north and south poles. Hence it is highly conductive. Therefore
magnetic currents gently passes through the soil. Water accumulates in the
fractured and weathered rocks, aquifers, sand and gravel deposition in confined
and semi-confined conditions in the earth. During occurrence in this condition
water generate magnetic currents in the sub-surface of the earth. This water
current comes out in the atmosphere
near the surface of the earth. This water current cannot visualize but we can
feel it. Early in the morning during winter season, when we pass near by the
water current, on the road or the field, we can feel some worm air touches our
body in the particular place, where the water currents comes out from the
earth. And that particular place ground water meets definitely.
Considering the fact that
human body is a good conductor of electricity, water currents comes out from
the earth, enters in the copper rods through our body . As we enter in the
magnetic field of the ground water on the surface, with holding two cupper rods
in each hand, parallel to each other, water currents enters in our body through
right and left legs and passes through left and right shoulders and reaches to
the both arms and to the end of the both holed copper angle rod’s end. Due to
equal polarity occurs in the both angle rods, vibration starts and deflect from
each other and make 1800 angle where water accumulate under the
ground.
Water currents caught in the
angle rods deflects in the various angles. Sometimes gives 900,450or,
any angle. It indicates the water current does not uniform in intensity
due to underground geological disturbance. Therefore consideration of radius of
influence of current on the surface should be in our mind. Based on my vast
experience and the results, I have
described how to locate the correct pin point from the angle rods indicates
water. This part of book is inspired by
the facts in Bhagwat Geeta, atom science, human electricity, geology, and long
with years of my research and field work
in ground water investigation. This
method is perfect to locate pin-point for digging a well or bore-well. It
indicates the potentiality of ground water only. What is the strata of
the soil, what depth water can secure, how much saturation of water is
in the water bearing zones, How many water saturation zones are under the
ground, what is the quality of ground water etc. information’s can not be available
to know by this “Dowsing” method. So to make perfect investigation, If Vertical
Electro Sounding survey is carried out
along with copper angle rods method, we can secure 80 to 85 % success in the
achievement of water. I have given Vertical Electro Sounding technique in
second part of this book.
SECOND PART:
Vertical Electro Sounding Technique
All the method of exploration geophysics is
based on some physical properties. Due to the difference in lithological and
chemical composition, different rock types and ore deposits have different
physical properties. It is the electrical resistivity of its reciprocal
electrical conductivity. That is used as the physical property in electrical
methods. This physical property has most wide variation. The highest among rock is granite that is 103
to 105 ohms/m and the lowest for clay that is 1 to 103 ohms/m.
Most of the rock formation conduct electricity because of mineralized water in
pores and fissures, otherwise dry rocks is highly resistant. So that resistivity
of a geological formation may be considered as a function of porosity,
saturation of water and water salinity.
The Apparent Resistance (Pa) of water
decreases with increasing salt content. Which depends upon the geometry and the
App. Resistance (Pa) of the elements constituting the given geological medium.
For homogenous formation, the electrical ‘Pa’ measured represents the true App.
Resistance (Pa). It is expressed in ohms/m which is recognized as a standard
unit. The resistivity of the sub-surface formations is generally measured with
four electrodes. Two for current and the
other two for potential measurements.
The instrument used for the resistivity survey is a power
source D.C.(direct current) or low frequency A.C. meter to measure current potential. For D.C. measurements
non-polarizing electrodes (copper rod in saturated CuSo4 Solution)
are used for potential measurement to eliminate contract potentials. Self potentials
created due to fluid streaming, varying electrolytic concentration in groundwater,
geochemical actions and telluric fields are bucked off by S.P.(strait
potential) compensating system. Various electrode configurations are used as
per field convenience.
Vertical Electro
Sounding is useful to investigate the nature of subsurface formation by
studying the variation in their electrical properties. This method is much
useful in ground water investigation. The method is easy to operate and low
cost. It is also important to distinguish between the saline and fresh water
zones. The data of potential difference is collected by resistivity meter.
Which are plotted on a simple graph paper and find out the sounding curves. The
interpretation of the sounding curve by curve matching technique is important
factor in this survey technique. Also the knowledge of local geology, topography, natural drainage line, fixing of
pin point for a new well/bore etc. should be kept in our mind before sounds are
taken. This method is based on ohms low.
Resistivity of the earth is measured by a resistivity meter.
I have written this book
according to my knowledge of geology, topography, soil science, geography and
vast (45 years) experience in ground water investigation by copper angle rods
(Dowsing) method and 80 to 85 % success in the investigation work. I use to
under take the sounding survey since last 25 years along with the pin point
fixing by copper angle rods. I have
explained my personal interpretations of sounding curves along with the values
of currents passes in the earth and development of resistance values. I have
given more than 50 black & white line figures and about 50 color
photographs. I have given 10 case
studies of electro soundings of different area and geology. Also I have given
field graphs (sounding graphs) of the case studies with interpretation
for guidance to the readers.
